Electronic Document Delivery: Converging Standards and Technologies (1991)

As of 22 April 2009 IFLA has a totally redesigned new website

This old website and all of its content will stay on as archive – http://archive.ifla.org

*UDT Series on Data Communication Technologies and Standards for Libraries* Electronic Document Delivery: Converging Standards and Technologies (1991) Gary Cleveland National Library of Canada Ordering Information TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Information networks Converging technologies Scope and terminology Goals of the study Organization of the study CURRENT PATTERNS IN DOCUMENT DELIVERY 2.1 The impetus for document delivery 2.1.1 The growth of document delivery 2.2 The current document delivery environment 2.2.1 Requestors 2.2.2 Document types 2.2.3 Document sources 2.2.4 Functions 2.2.4.1 Document selection 2.2.4.2 Request management 2.2.4.3 Document retrieval 2.2.4.4 Document transfer 2.3 Technologies for electronic document delivery Electronic document conversion and generation Storage technologies Communications technologies and standards Workstation technologies Hardcopy production OVERVIEW OF CONVERGENT TECHNOLOGIES 3.1 Electronic document conversion and generation 3.1.1 Conversion of print and microform materials 3.1.1.1 Image scanning 3.1.1.2 Image coding formats Group 3 Group 4 Tag Image File Format (TIFF) Joint Photographics Expert Group (JPEG) 3.1.1.3 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) 3.1.2 Electronic document generation Word Processing Electronic markup Printer Control Languages Page Description Languages 3.1.2.1 Exchange formats for electronic documents Unstructured Text Proprietary Formats International standards for structured documents Office Document Architecture (ODA) Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) Standard Page Description Language (SPDL) 3.1.3 Multimedia documents Exchange of multimedia documents 3.2 Optical storage technologies 3.2.1 CD-ROM 3.2.2 WORM 3.2.3 Magneto-Optical Disc 3.2.4 Jukebox technology 3.3 Data communication technologies 3.3.1 Some important networking concepts Peer-to-peer networks and the client-server model Channel capacity Protocols and the OSI reference Model The OSI Reference Model 3.3.2 Facsimile CCITT fax standards Group 3/D Fax boards 3.3.3 Network technologies 3.3.3.1 High volume data transmission Leased Lines Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Broadband ISDN X.25 Frame Relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Digital Services) 3.3.3.2 Academic and research networks 3.3.4 Application protocols available for document delivery 3.3.4.1. TCP/IP SMTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 3.3.4.2 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) 3.3.4.2.1 X.400 Message Handling Systems 3.3.4.2.2 File Transfer (FTAM, DFR, DTAM) 3.3.4.2.3 ILL Protocol 3.3.4.2.4 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 3.3.4.2.5 X.500 Directory 3.3.4.2.6 Z39.50/SR 3.3.4.3 OSI and TCP/IP coexistence and transition 3.3.4.3.1 OSI over TCP/IP 3.3.4.3.2 OSI gateways for existing systems 3.4 Workstation technologies 3.4.1 Workstation evolution The Personal Workstation State-of-the-art workstation technology 3.4.2 Graphical User Interfaces, X Windows And Motif Graphical User Interfaces The X Windows System and Motif 3.5 Hardcopy production 3.5.1 Laser printers HP LaserJet II Compatibles Postscript printers Xerox DocuTech Publishing System Colour laser printers ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT DELIVERY APPLICATIONS 4.1 Current and transition phase alternatives 4.1.1 Facsimile document delivery 4.1.2 Document imaging systems Document imaging configuration Image capture Workstations Storage Transmission Hard copy production 4.1.3 An ISO ILL Protocol application 4.2 Advanced EDD applications 4.2.1 The local information environment 4.2.1.1 Document input devices 4.2.1.2 Document output devices 4.2.1.3 Information and document resources 4.2.1.4 Communications technologies Application protocols 4.2.1.5 The EDD server computer EDD Server application software 4.2.1.6 EDD client workstations EDD client application software 4.2.2 Operation 4.2.2.1 Document selection X.500 example Z39.50/SR example 4.2.2.2 Requesting 4.2.2.3 Storage, retrieval, and transfer FTAM, DFR or DTAM X.400 ILL Protocol Group 4 fax Z39.50/SR ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT DELIVERY PROJECTS 5.1 Electronic document conversion, storage, and retrieval 5.1.1 TRANSDOC and the CEC DOCDEL Programme 5.1.2 The Adonis Project 5.1.3 National Agricultural Text Digitizing Project 5.2 Electronic document transmission 5.2.1 Network Fax Project 5.2.2 RLG's Ariel 5.2.3 The NCSU and NAL Joint Project 5.2.4 FOUDRE and the INIST document delivery system 5.3 Integrated electronic document delivery initiatives 5.3.1 DOCMATCH 5.3.2 Project QUARTET 5.3.3 The Mercury Project at Carnegie Mellon University 5.4 Other activities Colorado Association of Research Libraries's UnCover2 The Group on Electronic Document Interchange (GEDI) The ILL protocol The X.500 Directory Z39.50/SR ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT DELIVERY 6.1 Intellectual property rights 6.1.1 The concept of copyright 6.1.2 Copyright and document delivery Electronic document delivery The concept of a copy Fair use Library exemptions Useright Other areas of concern 6.1.3 Some proposed solutions to the copyright impasse Amend current copyright laws Overall revision of the copyright act Design a sui generis copyright law Increased reliance upon compulsory licences 6.1.4 International concerns 6.2 Scholarly communication 6.2.1 Current methods and problems 6.2.2 Electronic scholarly communication 6.2.3 The library/publisher relationship 6.3 Outlook for developing nations 6.3.1 Electronic document delivery to developing countries 6.3.2 Obstacles to electronic document delivery 6.4 Other concerns Document integrity Bibliographic control Document archives CONCLUSION REFERENCES RELATED STANDARDS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding for this study was provided by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) as part of the 1990 Work Plan of the Universal Dataflow and Telecommunications (UDT) Core Programme. The support of the IFLA Programme Management Committee as well as the assistance of the UDT Advisory Committee and its Chairperson, S. Michael Malinconico, is also gratefully acknowledged. The author would like to express his appreciation to Leigh Swain, UDT Programme Director, for his overall direction of the study and to Paula Tallim, UDT Programme Officer, for her editorial support. The author would also like to thank Joslyn Grassby, of the National Library of Canada, for applying her editorial skills to the document. Parts of this document were produced in collaboration with consultants at Software Kinetics Ltd., Stittsville, Ontario. The author would therefore like to acknowledge the written contribution of Chapter 3, as well as portions of Chapter 4, by Perry Quan, Joe Zeeman, and Dennis MacKinnon, of Software Kinetics. Special thanks to Dr. Clifford Lynch, Director of Library Automation, University of California, for reading an earlier draft of this paper and for providing many valuable comments, suggestions, and additional information. Gary Cleveland National Library of Canada


Latest Revision: April 27, 1995	Copyright © 1995-1999 International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions www.ifla.org

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS