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However, other groups play equally significant roles. Those who work in law schools play a pivotal role in supporting faculty research and teaching in law schools with an average of 500 or more students. Those who work in the courts and governmental libraries support the judiciary, the practicing bar, and increasingly the lay public, many of whom need access to legal information but lack the resources to hire expensive legal counsel.
On average, AALL members have worked as law librarians for 13.7 years. The majority (74%) is in mid-career age range of 36-55 years. 86% have an MLS degree and nearly a third have a J. D. degree. 23% of law librarians have both an MLS and a J. D. Although the J. D. is not a requirement for all law librarians, it is in fact quite common and prevalent among leaders, particularly academic library directors. In an independent study student Laurie Langland reported in AALL Spectrum, (July 1998) that "those who discussed the merits of the J. D. versus the MLS generally agreed that the library degree was more essential than the J. D. but that both were required of academic law librarians so that they could hold faculty status. . . The JD/MLS combination was the overwhelming requirement for academic law library directors . . .The MLS was the main degree requirement for directors of corporate law libraries . . . from the librarian's perspective, possession of a law degree, in addition to the MLS, would put him or her on equal footing with the law firm's attorneys and the corporation's attorneys. . ."
Today, I'm pleased to address the question "What's special about special libraries," and in particular, law libraries and law librarians? Our panel was asked to inform our audience about our unique approaches to information and service, and to share some insight into the important roles of law libraries in our modern global information economy.
I plan to respond by providing two examples of law libraries that provide specialized yet quite different services to their clients, first law firm libraries and second public access law libraries. I will also describe two major areas of concern among all law librarians and areas where they have made noteworthy contributions. These concerns - first, merger mania within the legal publishing industry, and second, access to legal information in all formats - have wide-ranging implications throughout the legal community in the U. S. I am especially grateful for the Report, Recommendations, and Materials of the AALL Special Committee on the Renaissance of Law Librarianship in the Information Age published by AALL in 1997. Their committee's work addressed many aspects of the question posed by our moderator, Edward Valauskas, at this IFLA program. They did so far more eloquently and more fully than I would have found possible without consulting their work extensively.
His view is upheld by other members of the Special Committee who add in the Introduction to the work:
Further evidence of the consensus that law librarians don't need to be lawyers themselves is supported by the AALL members who completed a recent 1998 credentialling survey that inquired about the competencies of law librarians. They identified 31 Core Competencies (What Law Librarians Do published in AALL Spectrum, April 1998). Only a few core competencies apply directly to experience or training in law librarianship, such as:
All other core competencies, identified in the credentialling survey, apply more generally to the field of librarianship and special librarianship, for example:
Just as in all areas of the profession, highly sophisticated information technology is totally transforming the nature of law librarianship. However, these core competencies seem to remain constant. The Special Committee on the Renaissance of Law Librarianship said:
The foundation of our profession is its mission. In its broadest sense, that mission can perhaps be characterized simply as one of serving the information needs of the legal profession and the legal information needs of the public. All the functions of acquiring, collecting, organizing, retrieving, and disseminating legal and related information are only subsets of that basic mission.
(Law librarians subscribe to) a set of essential values or principles, including genuine belief that the world is a better place when people and institutions have optimum access to information, faith that the world is also a better place when the rule of law prevails, conviction that serving the information needs of the legal profession is a noble calling, belief that democracy is the best political order, firm conviction that an effective democracy requires ready public access to the law, opposition to censorship, and commitment to fostering the equal participation of diverse peoples in library services and library employment."
To conclude my paper, I will also review two overarching concerns of all law librarians. Those issues suggest the range of interests and thus the specialized nature of law librarians.
On average a law firm library spends $645,000 on information each year. Of that amount, just over half is spent on electronic information. On average, firms employ 1.8 professional law librarians, who each serve 52.7 attorneys. Many firm librarians also supervise other functions related to managing information.
10% supervise client development research. They gather information about prospective clients and estimate research budgets on business proposals. Some firm libraries are expanding their offerings from pure legal research to data gathering about current and prospective clients as part of the firm's marketing efforts.
37% bill directly to clients at an hourly rate for non-legal research by library personnel. Clients are demanding cost-effective, rapid, and efficient legal research and other services; librarians can and do serve as research consultants to clients in non-legal areas. In some firms 30-60% of the law librarian's time is billed to clients.
Most train associates and other users to be efficient researchers on expensive online databases like Westlaw and LEXIS.
9% manage dockets, 13% manage conflicts. They evaluate potential litigation exposure, review the current legal counsel used by potential clients, and check financial viability of potential clients. 18% manage all the firm's information records. 10% manage automated information systems and 7% supervise paralegals.
In an electronic roundtable discussion in 1996 (published in AALL Spectrum, September 1996), participants characterized the law firm library in the following ways:
"The traditional services of refining information for delivery to the lawyer will continue to be needed, as lawyers' time must be saved for its highest and best use: analyzing information and applying the knowledge gained to the issues of a particular client."
Kay Todd, Legal Researcher, Paul Hastings Janofsky & Walker, Atlanta.
"I believe that libraries are meeting the needs of the firm as long as the librarian is keeping abreast of the changes in the legal marketplace and helping the legal staff to prepare for these changes. The myriad sources of information overwhelm most attorneys . . . my job is to teach my users how to fish, and I can only do that if I know everything I can possibly know about bait, tackle, currents, etc. Let's be honest though. There are also those partners in the firm who do not want to learn how to fish, but merely want to be handed a fish. This is also part of my job. . ."
Michael Saint Onge, Librarian, Coudert Brothers, San Francisco.
"I believe that it is critical that firm librarians continually look to the bottom line to show how the services provided help ensure the firm's bottom line is maximized.
Holley Thompson, Director, Strategic Customer Alliances, LEXIS NEXIS, Dayton.
These comments and many other similar ones emphasize the corporate pressures and the economic ones facing law firm librarians. On the other hand, other types of demands are placed on law librarians working in the public sector of the profession.
The San Diego County Law Library in California is one example of a public access law library. 89% of its budget is derived from filing fees for the first initial filings in the superior and municipal courts in San Diego County. It is available to 9,500 attorneys. The Main Library holds 270,000 volumes and three branches hold 17,000 volumes each. One branch is 42 miles away from the Main Library. The library is staffed with 48 employees.
About 34% of the San Diego County Law Library users are pro se litigants. According to the Director, Charles Dyer, what used to be an exceptional situation is becoming the norm. More and more people are pro se litigants who cannot afford lawyers. In 72% of the divorce cases in San Diego County, both sides are pro se. pro se litigants are also tackling cases like landlord-tenant disputes, adoption, immigration, and even some stock and antitrust cases. Studies show that pro se patrons actually seek information in nearly every subject area in the law library. In San Diego they consume 75% of reference staff time at the Main Library and 90% of reference staff time at the three branches.
Service to pro se litigants raises ethical issues for law librarians. Will political and economic forces make fee-based services the norm and free services to the public the exception? If so, the rich will still spend money more easily than the poor. Librarians will need to decide which basic services will be available to all. Given the enormous range of reference needs of even the poorest pro se litigant, librarians will make choices that may occasionally deprive someone of the justice he or she deserves.
However, Ruth Fraley, reports that not all pro se litigants are indigent. She says:
Public access law libraries play a role in serving the public, welcoming nearly everyone - judges, attorneys, and pro se patrons - on an equal footing. They share many of the same concerns as public librarians about access for the poor to both highly specialized and local legal information. Access for the poor is limited by knowledge, skills, and financial resources. Often pro se litigants cannot afford online access.
Some court libraries and state law libraries are developing special services for the pro se patron. For example, creating automated kiosks with simple instructions for automatic filings and developing hand-out packets to be used in routine matters like divorce. The trend toward self help is expected to grow, acerbated by the lack of respect for lawyers and by the growth in the ranks of the urban poor.
In Montana, the State Law Library of Montana has launched the "Law Library Legal Advice Clinic" to assist those interested in self-representation. They have done so in partnership with the governor's office, justices of the supreme court, the attorney general, a district court judge, the state bar, the local district court clerk's office, and the Montana Legal Services Association. Their goal is to help pro se litigants handle increasing numbers of questions on topics such as family law, bankruptcy, consumer law, employment law, and landlord tenant law. This library serves as a clinic, an advice-only clinic, where qualified pro bono attorneys can meet clients, but the attorneys do not appear in court or represent the client. Federal poverty guidelines determine whether one is eligible or not for assistance at the clinic. The law librarians serve as the point of contact for interviewing litigants on financial eligibility, on the nature of the inquiry, the current status of litigation, etc. They screen and schedule appointments with pro bono attorneys. The law librarians report satisfaction in being a part of a process involving representatives from the legal community working collaboratively to achieve a common goal.
Although some public access law libraries are not-for-profit entities with elected boards and dues - paying members, most depend on local governments for their offices, funding, utilities, and telecommunications. Public access law libraries are integral parts of local and county government, the judiciary, or part of a statewide system. Law librarians in these institutions need considerable political skills, not only to fully understand the governance structure under which they operate, but also marketing skills to propose and defend the library's needs to decision-makers. Many of these see the law library as "a financial drain . . . serving fringe citizens" who are few in number and usually the most cantankerous.
Although these examples illustrate a few of the characteristics that distinguish two types of law libraries from each other and qualify them as "special libraries," all law librarians share some common concerns that have far - reaching impact on the legal community, legal information users, and ultimately the public. Two examples illustrate the point.
One law librarian in a recent AALL President's Briefing on Publisher Relations expressed the view of many:
On the other side, publishers have said
These are obvious indications of an industry and an environment in great flux. Law librarians have remained in the thick of the fray from the beginning.
It is estimated that the total U. S. legal publishing market for 1996 was $3.9 billion. There are only three major legal publishers in the U. S. today. These are Thomson's West Group, Reed Elsevier's LEXIS NEXIS, and Wolters Kluwer's CCH and Aspen. Each has a foreign-based parent, and together they control the majority of the U. S. legal publishing market of almost $3 billion of the $3.9 billion is U. S. sales. Remember that AALL member librarians are a significant portion of this market, spending almost $900 million dollars in 1997.
In the words of Donna Tuke Heroy Editor of Legal Information Alert (AALL Spectrum, October 1996):
Law librarians have served as a watchdog on the impact, both potential and actual, of mergers and acquisitions. In a letter to the U. S. Department of Justice in 1996 on the question of the merger of Thomson and West, law librarians said:
In that same letter law librarians raised concerns about the increased consolidation in the industry and reduced competition in the availability of print materials for libraries and the potential to impact on the online environment as well. They are concerned about limitations on choices resulting from reduced competition:
Mergers have increased concentration in the print legal publishing industry and reduced product competition through the elimination of overlapping products that, in the past, assured the quality of those products at competitive prices. In certain instances West Group now controls 100% of certain codes, court reports, and other basic legal materials.
Increased concentration and reduced competition are likely to lead to increased prices.
These and other concerns remain at the forefront of the attention of the Association and law librarians in the U. S.
Following months of study and debate, law librarians issued recommendations for a "medium-neutral form" and began working with the bench and the bar toward the goal of better citation formats. Today, four years after AALL and law librarians initiated a study of citation reform, courts at all levels appear to be moving in the direction of a citation format that will indeed work equally well for electronic and print sources, and indeed challenges the long-standing West Publishing copyright on citation format. This year, 11 states have adopted or allowed some form of vendor and medium neutral citation form based on the AALL model. This was done despite intense opposing pressure from West Group throughout the legal system.
In the words of the AALL committee,